Process
A process is a program that is currently running on a computer. When an application is opened, the operating system creates a process to execute it.
Each process has its own memory space and system resources.
How it works
When a program is started, the operating system loads it into memory and assigns it a unique Process ID (PID).
The process then receives:
- CPU time
- Memory (RAM)
- Access to files and system resources
The kernel manages processes and ensures they do not interfere with each other.
If a process finishes its task or crashes, the operating system removes it from memory.
Main components of a process
A process typically includes:
- Code — the program instructions
- Data — variables and stored information
- Stack — temporary function data
- Heap — dynamically allocated memory
These parts allow the program to run correctly.
Process lifecycle
A process usually goes through several states:
- New — being created
- Running — actively using the CPU
- Waiting — paused, waiting for a resource
- Terminated — finished or stopped
The operating system switches between processes using scheduling.
Why it is important
- It allows multiple programs to run at the same time.
- It isolates programs for stability and security.
- It helps manage system resources efficiently.
Without processes, multitasking would not be possible.
A simple example
Opening a web browser creates a process. Opening another browser window may create another process running at the same time.
Related terms
- What is Thread?
- What is Scheduler?
- What is Kernel?
Source
Information simplified from the Wikipedia article “Process (computing)”.